Much of the meal’s meaning was added in the 19th century, when the nation was divided over slavery and the Civil War, as an opportunity to encourage Americans to come together under a federal holiday. 'First Thanksgiving' Wampanoag Tribe Faces New Epidemic | Time Washington's move came more than a century after the so-called "first Thanksgiving" in 1621 at Plymouth, Mass., featuring the Pilgrims and members of the Native American Wampanoag tribe. By the 1670s Massasoit was dead and his son Wamsutta had died after he was imprisoned in Plymouth for negotiating a land sale to the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Driving off or killing the Pilgrims, as many tribes, including the Nauset and specifically Epenow, wanted, was a valid option. “We are once again 400 years later, in the midst of a pandemic and in the midst of a land grab and argument over jurisdiction and the ability of colonial law to recognize the rights of the people being colonized,” says Deetz. Regardless of whether it was rooted in historical fact, it became accepted as such. The tribe is one of several currently under lockdown due to the coronavirus pandemic. Initially, “a lot of native people associated firearms with epidemic disease because what they know is when Europeans show up, and fire their guns, shortly thereafter, people start dying of epidemic disease.”. Wampanoag people have always held many seasonal thanksgiving ceremonies. Five weeks after docking the Mayflower in 1620, the Pilgrims sailed away to find land better-suited to grow the crops they wanted, and ended up in Patuxet, the Wampanoag name for the area where they established Plymouth Colony. “There’s a place where those things do belong, as a point that we don’t make that mistake ever again.”. Wampanoag tribe gathers for Thanksgiving. So by 1620, the Wampanoag, as Peters describes, were in a “difficult spot,” shaped by years of volatile contact with Europeans, slavery, regional threats to their power and a mysterious, devastating illness. “How are we supposed to improve on this sorry record if we don’t understand the sorry record?” asked Silverman, a George Washington University professor. With Tisquantum acting as a broker, the two groups worked out a kind of alliance through a series of visits, exchanges and the belief, at least on the part of the Wampanoag, that this small band of Pilgrims would stay just that: small. The colonists were very thankful, and invited the Wampanoag to a celebration in the fall. After an arduous process lasting more than three decades, the Mashpee Wampanoag were re-acknowledged as a federally recognized tribe in 2007. But when you’ve been telling a story one way for four centuries, any change feels like a monumental one, she said. This Land Is Their Land: The Wampanoag Indians, Plymouth Colony, and the Troubled History of Thanksgiving. Today they make up two federally recognized tribes, Mashpee and Aquinnah—the two largest communities of Wampanoag—as well as several other tribes recognized by Massachusetts. … A lot of the significance behind the meal has been created over the years, spawning many myths and misconceptions that Wampanoags and Native Americans in general have been debunking ever since. She and her son have helped to incorporate the Wampanoag perspective into events around the 400th anniversary of the Pilgrims’ landing in Cape Cod this month. The Wampanoag have survived and clung to their culture despite centuries of systemic removal from their land, destruction of their culture and denial of their rights. “When the colonists came over in the 17th century, they had to get rid of us in one form or fashion or another whether it as converting us, moving us, annihilating us, or shipping us out of the country into slavery, and I just wish people knew that because this history is not yet well known, but that’s what it took for America to be what it is today and for people to sit down to have their Thanksgiving dinner.”. We’re still here. “Being a Wampanoag person in this time of year, it’s always striking that we tell this story of the Pilgrims and the Indians, and yet the Wampanoag people are often times left out of this telling of this story. Write to Olivia B. Waxman at olivia.waxman@time.com. On a parallel track, the story of the Pilgrim forefathers coming to the New World and founding America for religious freedom gained steam, as New England Protestants wielded the myth to gain the top spot in the country’s cultural hierarchy, above Catholics and immigrants, according to historian David Silverman in his book “This Land Is Their Land: The Wampanoag Indians, Plymouth Colony and the Troubled History of Thanksgiving.”. Peters usually holds a “prayer fire” in her yard, gathering around a fire pit, offering tobacco (putting it in the fire) where prayers are said to remember ancestors and express gratitude generally. “The epidemic that decimated Wampanoag people just before arrival of Mayflower swept away a majority of their population,” says David J. Silverman, historian and author of This Land is Their Land: The Wampanoag Indians, Plymouth Colony, and the Troubled History of Thanksgiving. “Even though it’s inaccurate, we can’t just bury it,” he said. The Wampanoag, which translates to Easterners, inhabited the eastern part of present day Massachusetts and Rhode Island. “It’s somewhat ironic that on the 400th anniversary of acknowledging this point in history, we are forced to stay home and stay separate and feel that fear and uncertainty and some of the things that my ancestors were dealing with in a much more severe fashion,” adds Aquinnah Wampanoag Councilman Jonathan James-Perry, 44, who is featured in an online exhibit Listening to Wampanoag Voices: Beyond 1620 hosted by the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology at Harvard University. Sachems ruled by the will of the people. At the same time, Peters does not think Thanksgiving should go the way of Confederate statues and names of slaveholders on buildings as the nation reckons with its history. Such disease outbreaks would be common in Wampanoag areas for the next 30 years or so. That contact with Europeans “brought plague and disease and pretty much almost wiped us out, so it’s not as much a cause for celebration,” says Kitty Hendricks-Miller, 62, Indian Education Coordinator at the Mashpee Wampanoag tribe. "We're lucky to be one of them. As Americans looked for an origin story that wasn’t soaked in the blood of Native Americans or built on the backs of slavery, the humble, bloodless story of the 102 Pilgrims forging a path in the New World in search of religious freedom was just what they needed, according to Silverman. Linda Coombs, a member of the Aquinnah Wampanoag Tribe, has been working for decades to tell the story of the nation’s founding through the perspective of Native Americans. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our. “Most historians believe what happened was Massassoit got word there was a tremendous amount of gun fire coming from the Pilgrim village,” Turner said, “so he thought … And, after generations of trading secondhand and thirdhand for coveted European goods from neighboring Native peoples, the Wampanoag would finally gain a firsthand source and considerable trading power. Wampanoag adults have memories of being a kid during Thanksgiving season, sitting in school, feeling invisible and having to wade through the nonsense that teachers were shoveling their way. Don't believe everything your kindergarten teacher told you, Pilgrims’ arrival in Provincetown 400 years ago spawned a clash of cultures, The beginning of American democracy on Cape Cod, Your California Privacy Rights/Privacy Policy. “At that point, it really changes your perspective.”. More recently, the Trump administration has been working to revoke reservation status for hundreds of acres of previously recognized Mashpee Wampanoag tribal lands. In 1863, President Abraham Lincoln declared a Thanksgiving Day on the last Thursday of November, looking to reconcile a country in the throes of the Civil War. He engineered an escape and returned to his people on Martha’s Vineyard. That decision was made by Ousamequin, more commonly known as Massasoit, which means “great sachem.” In a structure that Peters says was far closer to a democratic government than the Pilgrim government, Wampanoag territory was organized into sachemships, each with a sachem — a leader — who would oversee that particular village. Every year, news outlets and social media are a-buzz with Thanksgiving themes. Find out how the Pilgrims and the Wampanoag Native Americans celebrated the first Thanksgiving together at Plymouth Plantation. After a devastating winter during which many settlers died, thanks to Squanto's teaching, they had an abundant harvest. Likely, it was just a routine English harvest celebration. In March 1621, when Plymouth's survival was hanging in the balance, the Wampanoag sachem (or chief), Ousamequin (Massasoit), and Plymouth's governor, John Carver, declared their people's friendship for each other and a commitment to mutual defense. The Wampanoag to whom TIME talked all expressed a feeling of “eerie” déjà vu, marveling at how much hasn’t changed in 400 years in some respects. “When we’re there together, there is a really profound sense of solidarity and hope for the future that all of us being together and listening to one another that that can lead to a better future to everyone.”, These events are opportunities to talk about the ways people are “thriving,” not just surviving. It doesn’t start there because those things never happened, despite being immortalized in American mythos for generations. An unexpected error has occurred with your sign up. Since then, Peters, a Mashpee Wampanoag tribe member, has promoted education about the real history behind the Thanksgiving holiday. They probably ate vegetables, seafood and maybe a duck or goose. We didn’t go away, we adapted. The Wampanoags were the tribe who dined with the Pilgrims at the first Thanksgiving, and their farming and hunting techniques helped the Europeans survive their first harsh winter in Plymouth. “I do believe that the way we’ve gone about it is as balanced as we could make it,” Pecoraro said. They lived in wetus, which were dome shaped huts formed of tree limbs and covered with tall, th… "Out of the 69 tribes of just Wampanoag people who lived here pre-contact, only three — the Herring Pond, the Aquinnah and the Mashpee, plus a band of Assonet peoples, are still here," said Troy Currence, a medicine man with the Herring Pond Tribe. “This is part of what created the vulnerability that allowed Mayflower passengers to have a place to be in Massachusetts,” says Hartman Deetz, 45, a Mashpee Wampanoag artist, educator and activist. The head of another of Massasoit’s sons, Metacomet, better known as King Philip, was mounted on a pike outside Plymouth Colony as a warning, and the descendants of Massasoit, the Pilgrims’ great “protector and preserver,” were captured and sold into slavery in the West Indies. But there is a big difference between these ancient and ongoing celebrations and the Pilgrims' first harvest festival which led to the establishment of the National holiday now known as Thanksgiving. The tribe is in the midst of a fight for survival on two fronts: fighting to survive during a global pandemic and fighting to maintain control of their land. All Rights Reserved. She hopes that, just as the Black Lives Matter movement raised awareness of white supremacy, racism and attention to Black perspectives, the event is a reminder to listen to indigenous people. It’s a bittersweet memory. Only Squanto was immortalized in the Pilgrim story. “We needed a friend,” Peters said. 163286925X. We have a chance to reclaim our language and our history and re-educate people. That survival was made possible with help from the Wampanoag, the piece left unsaid at the feast that would become Thanksgiving. The first national Thanksgiving Day did not invoke the Pilgrims at all. The Pilgrims spent only a few weeks of 1620 in the Wampanoag village of Patuxet, which they would rename Plimoth (now Plymouth), and they certainly didn’t step off onto Plymouth Rock. The individual tribes spoke the same language, had similar cultures, were friendly with each other but were politically sovereign. Author. For many Wampanoag, Thanksgiving has always been considered a day of mourning because of that epidemic and the centuries of American Indian removal policies that followed. secretary, which could help as well. Its telling builds the empathy that has been sorely lacking when it comes to Native American lives. Several months later, after receiving help and protection from the Wampanoag, the Pilgrims held the harvest feast that would form the crux of the Thanksgiving myth centuries later. The teacher said they were all dead. Trying to move that focus, as Michele Pecoraro and Plymouth 400 have done for their commemoration, comes with pushback — people saying they shouldn’t use their organization and the 400th anniversary to disparage the Pilgrims. By signing up you are agreeing to our, Northeastern University Student Sent Back to Iran Despite Valid Visa, Judge's Order As Immigration Attorneys Warn of 'Troubling' Pattern, Sign up to receive the top stories you need to know now on politics, health and more, © 2021 TIME USA, LLC. The Wampanoag Trading Post and Gallery is featuring an exhibit of artwork and movies by and about the tribe at its Mashpee Commons location and at a vacant storefront across the street. But it is important to bring the other side of history to light, he said, correcting inaccuracies and adding context to monuments and museums. Without modern knowledge of how diseases spread, Wampanoags attributed it to the supernatural spirits and gunpowder. Please try again later. “Yet when we talk about it, there’s zero empathy. In late March, at the height of the coronavirus pandemic, the U.S. Department of the Interior announced that there was not a basis for the tribe’s 321 acres of tribal land in Mashpee and Taunton, Mass., to have reservation status because the tribe supposedly didn’t meet the definition of Indian. To bring the commemorations into the 21st century, Pecoraro and her group worked to elevate the voices of the Wampanoag, who still live in southern New England. Allowing the Pilgrims to settle and establishing diplomatic relations with them, even providing aid, brought risks but also reward. "We weren't used to diseases here," said Hazel Currence, an elder with the Herring Pond Wampanoag Tribe, which lived in Patuxet. In the fall of 1621, the Plymouth colonists and Wampanoag shared an autumn harvest feast. The story could start a century earlier, in 1524, at the first known contact between Native Americans in southern New England and Europeans, in Narragansett Bay near Aquidneck Island. It's not right.”. We are not given the decency of even having the name of us as a people mentioned,” says Deetz. Illustrations of what the first Thanksgiving might have looked like often depict Massasoit Ousamequin, the leader of the Wampanoag tribe, accepting an invitation from the Pilgrims of Plymouth to join them in a feast. Throughout the season, the Wampanoag made their presence known but did not approach until February, when Samoset, a visiting Abenaki tribesman from Maine, approached Pilgrim leaders. Their role in helping the Pilgrims survive by sharing resources and wisdom went unacknowledged that day, according to accounts of the toasts given by Pilgrim leaders. Part of my everyday being is telling people that we’re still here.”. There’s a reason this part of the story did not make it into school history books and pageants or get remembered on Thanksgiving. Half of them died of illness, cold, starvation or a combination of the three. "Our systems were not used to the illnesses that came with the Europeans and the Pilgrims. The native life doesn’t hold the same value. But it would cost valuable warriors, in short supply after the pandemic, and there was the risk of Europeans returning in overwhelming numbers or, worse, sailing around the Outer Cape to take their guns, knives and armor to the Narragansett, according to Silverman. But starting there ignores years of European contact with the Native people of New England, and paints the Wampanoag and their neighbors in the broad stroke of simplicity, ignoring the complex regional relationships and politicking at play. A group of about 100 men and Massasoit came not to celebrate but, according to Peters, mostly as a reminder that they controlled the land the Pilgrims were staying on and they vastly outnumbered their new European neighbors. Thanksgiving. The Europeans viewed the decimation of the native population as akin to “God is sweeping away the pagans,” Silverman says. But perhaps the best starting point, according to Peters and other historians, is 1616, when a lethal pandemic tore through many Wampanoag villages. The traditional story of Thanksgiving, and by extension the Pilgrims  — the one repeated in school history books and given the Peanuts treatment in "A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving" — doesn’t start in 1620, with the cold and seasick Pilgrims stepping off the Mayflower onto Plymouth Rock. The more historically accurate telling is gaining a foothold in small circles, as members of the Herring Pond, Mashpee and Aquinnah Wampanoag tribes; Michele Pecoraro, executive director of Plymouth 400, who is helping lead the anniversary commemoration; and Silverman bring the documented facts to light. Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe. Visitors to the Pilgrim Monument and Provincetown Museum pause to examine a new exhibit about early interactions between the Pilgrims and the Wampanoag tribe in Provincetown, MA on Aug. 27. “I don’t think anyone at that point would have gone into an agreement with the Pilgrims if they knew how quickly they would multiply and start arriving,” Peters said. She and her son have helped to incorporate the Wampanoag perspective into events around the 400th anniversary of the Pilgrims’ landing in Cape Cod this month. The stories of disease ravaging the Wampanoag population, which so closely mirror that of the modern pandemic, are just one of many aspects that get left out of America’s Thanksgiving history. In June, a federal judge called Interior Department’s decision “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion and contrary to law,” and said the agency would have to re-analyze the question of whether the tribe is entitled to reservation land, while correcting all the errors that led to its original decision. It’s hard to separate the Pilgrims from what the United States would eventually become, Silverman said. NEW YORK — Members of the Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe appeared in Thursday's 94th Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade. Linda Coombs, 71, an Aquinnah Wampanoag museum educator who also participated in Listening to Wampanoag Voices: Beyond 1620 and briefs teachers on Native American perspectives of U.S. history, believes the violence after that mythical Thanksgiving meal has to be faced head on. But the matter is not resolved, and while the tribe awaits Interior’s new decision, it is hoping for permanent protection through an act of Congress. Massasoit has gone through a bit of a rebrand in the ensuing centuries to be painted as the “protector and preserver” of the Pilgrims — as it says on the statue dedicated to him overlooking Plymouth Rock. “We’re still here,” she prefers to say, “considering all that we’ve been through. But his decision to allow the Pilgrims to stay at Patuxet and eventually provide them aid after they were driven off the Cape, Peters said, had less to do with a sense of dutiful benevolence and more to do with a careful weighing of circumstances and outcomes. The Thanksgiving Day Celebration Originated From a Massacre In 1621, though Pilgrims celebrated a feast, it was not repeated in the years to follow. As for that 1621 feast — the supposed genesis of today’s Thanksgiving tradition — there was a small feast, but the Wampanoag were not invited, they showed up later. Wampanoag members were not even invited, but they showed up. Weetoomoo Carey, 8, left, and Jackolynn Carey, 5, Wampanoag Nipmucs from Mashpee, look across to the Mayflower replica anchored near Plymouth Rock on Nov. 26, 1991. It also has an ally in President-elect Joe Biden, whose tribal nations platform indicates he’s on the side of the Mashpee Wampanoag tribe—and Biden is reportedly vetting a Native American to be Interior Dept. When the Mayflower anchored off what is now known as Provincetown, the Pilgrims found themselves not in a vast, untouched land held for them by divine providence, but amid indigenous people wary and distrustful of Europeans, and the complex politics of rival tribes. Find out why. More: Not all Native Americans celebrate Thanksgiving. Years later, relations turned sour, leading to war, many deaths, and great diminishment of the Wampanoag tribe. The 51st annual National Day of Mourning will still take place at Plymouth Rock. The COVID-19 pandemic has only compounded the feeling of loss as participants remember fellow Native Americans who have died of the coronavirus, especially in the Navajo Nation. This year, because of COVID-19, her family’s gathering will be smaller than usual. Not all Native Americans celebrate Thanksgiving. You can unsubscribe at any time. Silverman, David J. suggesting to experts that it wasn’t a big deal at the time. “When she mentioned we’re all dead, that was devastating,” Peters, 61, recalled to TIME. “Many white Americans hold it very dear, the idea that the main impetus for colonization was the search for religious freedom,” Silverman said. “I raised my hand, and I said no that’s not true, I’m a Wampanoag, and I’m still here. Since then, Peters, a Mashpee Wampanoag tribe member, has promoted education about the real history behind the Thanksgiving holiday. It’s easy to believe they arrived here seeking religious freedom and intending to eventually form their own country based on those ideals, he said. Or it could start in 1602, when Bartholomew Gosnold visited Cape Cod and what’s now known as Martha’s Vineyard, where contact with the Wampanoag started with trading and ended in violence. But on Tuesday, historian David Silverman and Wampanoag tribe member David Vanderhoop set the record straight, sharing the true story of the first Thanksgiving in a conversation hosted by the Martha’s Vineyard Museum. I didn’t know enough then as a second grader that I could challenge her, but I think that I’ve challenged that second-grade teacher ever since. In 1970 Frank James of the Aquinnah Wampanoag Tribe was asked to speak to commemorate the 350th Anniversary of the Mayflower voyage. 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